Chinese Society Inter-School Gathering

Band 5 is like so far away from me....I can't feel it..

Now, must concentrate on mid-term exam.

Biggest distraction: Chinese Society! lol~

Chinese Society Inter-School Gathering
Date: 13th June, 2009 (Sat)
Time: 8a.m.-1.30p.m
Venue: HICT College
Fees:
RM 5 (with Chinese Society T-Shirt)
RM 7 (without Chinese Society T-Shirt)

Make yourself available on that day, come and support us! ^^

A Love Story

''You can make me to be depress for few days.
You also can make me to be happy in just a few minutes.
You are like the sun that shine on me and makes me feel happy.
Hope that the clouds will never appear and everyday will be Sunny Day!''

Sill remember the love story entitled 'Complicated Relationship' that I posted 2 months ago?
Want to know who are them?
I bet most of you also don't know who are them after I reveal it here.
Never mind, cause I just want to share the joy here.

Here is the sweet couple picture of them.
Seriously, I felt touched when my cousin, Jit Yo(the guy) show the picture to me.
I almost cry upon seeing their picture.








Aren't they lovely, adorable and sweet? (Any suitable adjective, Haha)

After so many years, tears, obstacles, give up and then hold on again...finally, they are together.
Is a happy, touching and real love story that I 'go through' with Jit Yo.
I just 'go through', as a listener and a spectator, not 'experience'.....


May God Bless this relationship!

Tired, but can't sleep

I am tired, but I can't sleep. I lie on the bed and closed my eyes but my brain just don't fall asleep. According to my mom, this is a symptom of being too tired.
Since can't sleep, and can't study or do homework too, cause brain can't function properly, so finally I decided to come online, and write blog. lol~

I slept at around 2am last Sunday with my unfinished post titled ''Medical Perspective of The Passion of the Christ'', I wrote it at around 11pm and I thought that I could finish it before I go to sleep, but when the clock ticks at 2, I knew I can't continue already, so saved it as drafts.

I was 'dare' to write till so late because I know that Monday evening I am free and I can actually take a long nap to compensate on my sleeping time. But I was wrong as Monday morning suddenly William and Linda said we must go to the stadium at 3pm for the sarinngan for the Sports Day.
Last minute I only know and also last minute only I know that I am actually involved in 200m.
Before that they just put me in 4x400 relay, but later don't know when they 'push' me in to the 200m. ==
Reluctantly, I went to the stadium at 3pm.

I never participate in any kind of sports competition, Never! And I actually hate ACS sports day, ponteng almost every year.
My attitude towards the sports day was like Katy Perry...''Do you think I'm bovvered?''...''Whatever''.. ''I don't care''... Haha! (I still can't believe that we actually lost to gigih)
So, I was standing with a 'don't care' attitude in the stadium, read daily bread, talked to friends.. while waiting for my turn.
Before 200m, I was called by Aaron to participate in 100m cause there was no enough people, I was like....lol, add 1 more competition again~ and later he also told me that i am also in for 4x100 relay.
From 1 competition became 4 competitions that I need participate. I was really SWT!

Before the 100m competition, I was quite nervous, worried that I might get the last place cause I really never run before, I told myself that I can't get the last place, at least 2nd last.
So, the thing went on, 2 groups of 8 people ran together. When I heard the word 'Lari!', I concentrate and threw out all my body energy and run~
Surprisingly, I got 3rd place and was qualified to the final.
Later, it was 200m, I used all my energy to run too. And I got 2nd place, with a very far distance with the no 1 runner, yeow sheng. He is indeed a great runner.

After the competition, I was tired and extremely thristy, my mouth stayed dry no matter how much water I drink. My whole body especially my legs muscles are pain. While I was driving back home, my butt felt very pain, till I can't even drive properly. Sorry Soon Yi & Ee Peng for scaring u 2... Today only I knew the reason why my butt was pain, according to Yeow Sheng, if you didn't stretch enough before you run, your butt will be pain. And yesterday I didn't stretch at all, not even warm up. No wonder it was so pain la...lol~...

I didn't sleep after I came back from stadium. Although my body is tired but my brain is not tired. I wanted to finish up my post on the medical perspective of the passion of the Christ, so I online and completed it.
Later, I went to my uncle house to celebrate my cousin, Jit Ai's birthday. Happy Birthday Jit Ai! So fast she's 20 already, and I am 19, both of us are so old already~~ sob sob~~
A small party was held in my uncle house, they invited the pastor from The Baptist Church to the party, and a lot of small kids, which are my cousin's students.
After the party, I went online again and slept at 12am.

Today, tuesday, is the 2nd day of the saringan. I thought it will be like yesterday where we just compete for qualification to the final only. But, I was wrong again!
The moment I stepped inside the stadium, Alwin called me to go to the starting point and prepare for the final of 200m. I was like...== again!
Luckily form 6 was the last to run, so I had a short time to have some mental preparation and also to stretch my body with Yeow Sheng, Keik Wee and Davin.
I knew that I can never win Yeow Sheng, so what I was thinking is to try to maintain my position, and thank God that I did it. I got 2nd place for the 200m competition with a very far distance again with Yeow Sheng. He is just behind the world fastest man by 2 seconds only! Omg, I think he can represent Malaysia for the coming Olympic already la..haha~

After that was 4x100 relay. Only Purple, Red and Green house took part in this only. We, the purple house, got the 2nd place. I think it was me la who actually made the team lost, felt so disappointed. The 1st person to run was Chester, he was being left behind. But later the 2nd and 3rd, which are William and Aaron, they actually chase it up and the 3rd person from each team actually came to the last person, which are Abel, Alwin and me almost at the same time.
The most important moment came, Aaron passed the 'stick' ( I don't know what it called) and I didnt grab properly for the 1st time, it missed. And I was not really running when Aaron was coming, I should start to run already de..The short delay there had given Abel the chance the run 1st, and when I started to run, Abel was at a distance with me. This time I really used 100% of my energy to chase, but I failed, he was so near yet so far from me, feel really disappointed.><
But I was glad to see the Girls team got 1st for this event, Gratz!

So, it is done for the time being, the next date will be on 17/4. I am involved in 100m and 4x400m relay, I scare I don't have enough stamina to run for 400m...Hope everything will be fine.

After I came back from home and completed some of my work, I went to sleep. I was lying on the bed from like 7.30pm to 10pm. I slept and woke up for a few times. Body feel warm. My body is tired with my muscle paining but my mind is very clear and it prevent me to fall asleep.
Maybe this is the symptom of a person that didnt do exercise and suddenly he is forced to play in a sports competition. Sweat~~

I don't want to fall to sick. Hope everything will be fine.

Medical Perspective of The Passion of the Christ

For Christian(and some non-christian), we have heard the words 'Jesus died for us' many times, but do we know how much suffer and pain that Jesus had gone through throughout the whole process from before he is being arrested, betrayed by His disciples, caught up by soldiers, mocked and flogged by soldiers, crucified, the moment on the cross and till his last breath?
As stated in the title, we will view the Passion of the Christ from a Medical Perspective, from a biological point of view, of a man that gone through all the pain and suffering for the sake of us.

First of all, let me summarize the whole process of the Passion of the Christ:

-After the last supper, Jesus went to Mount of Olives to pray for the whole night. ³⁹Jesus went out as usual to the Mount of Olives, and his disciples followed him. ⁴⁰On reaching the place, he said to them, "Pray that you will not fall into temptation." ⁴¹He withdrew about a stone's throw beyond them, knelt down and prayed, ⁴²"Father, if you are willing, take this cup from me; yet not my will, but yours be done." ⁴³An angel from heaven appeared to him and strengthened him. ⁴⁴And being in anguish, he prayed more earnestly, and his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground.(Luke)
-After that, Judah and the soldiers came and arrested Jesus to the High Priest,Caiaphas.
-At there, Then they spit in his face and struck him with their fists. Others slapped him ⁶⁸and said, "Prophesy to us, Christ. Who hit you?"(Matthew 26:67-68)
-Later ¹Early in the morning, all the chief priests and the elders of the people came to the decision to put Jesus to death. ²They bound him, led him away and handed him over to Pilate, the governor.(Matthew 27:1) because they have no right to sentence Jesus to death. (This happened during the Roman Empire, the Roman governor will have the right to sentence a person death)
-But the governor said, ⁴Then Pilate announced to the chief priests and the crowd, "I find no basis for a charge against this man."(Luke 23:4)
-And he sent Jesus to Herod. ⁶On hearing this, Pilate asked if the man was a Galilean. ⁷When he learned that Jesus was under Herod's jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who was also in Jerusalem at that time. (Luke 23:6-7)
-Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate ¹¹Then Herod and his soldiers ridiculed and mocked him. Dressing him in an elegant robe, they sent him back to Pilate. (Luke 23:11)
-Pilate decided to crucify Jesus ²³But with loud shouts they insistently demanded that he be crucified, and their shouts prevailed. ²⁴So Pilate decided to grant their demand.(Luke 23:23-24) & ²⁴When Pilate saw that he was getting nowhere, but that instead an uproar was starting, he took water and washed his hands in front of the crowd. "I am innocent of this man's blood," he said. "It is your responsibility!"(Matthew 27:24)
-But Pilate had Jesus flogged(whipped) and the soldier crowned Jesus with a crown of thorns and mocked Jesus before He is handed to crucify. ¹Then Pilate took Jesus and had him flogged. ²The soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on his head. They clothed him in a purple robe ³and went up to him again and again, saying, "Hail, king of the Jews!" And they struck him in the face.(John 19:1-2)
-After Jesus had been flogged, he was forced to carry his cross to the Skull(the place where He is to be crucified) with a man called Simon from Cyrene. ³²As they were going out, they met a man from Cyrene, named Simon, and they forced him to carry the cross. ³³They came to a place called Golgotha (which means The Place of the Skull).(Matthew 27:32-33)
-And Jesus was being crucified!
-Jesus said 7 lines on the cross:
"Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they are doing."
"Dear woman, here is your son," ²⁷and to the disciple, "Here is your mother."
"I tell you the truth, today you will be with me in paradise."
"I am thirsty."
"Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?"—which means, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"
"Father, into your hands I commit my spirit."
"It is finished.
(I've collected them from all the book of Gospels and tried to arrange them in order, I am not sure whether this is the correct order or not)
-Jesus was alive on the cross from 9a.m-3p.m.
-The soldiers wanted to break Jesus legs to let him die faster at around 4p.m, but ³³But when they came to Jesus and found that he was already dead, they did not break his legs. ³⁴Instead, one of the soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water. (John 19:33-24)

If you think that it is still to long to be read, I've further summarize for you here(note the red words):
-Last supper
-Mount of Olive(Pray whole night) (his sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground)
-Arrested
-Sent to the High Priest (spit in his face and struck him with their fists. Others slapped him)
-Sent to Pilate
-Sent to Herod
-Sent back to Pilate (had him flogged , crown of thorns and put it on his head)
-Walked to the Skull (carry the cross)
-Crucified (Said 7 lines on the cross)
-Died after 6 hours.(soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water)

Jesus knew He is going to be crucified. He ate the last supper with His disciples and went to Pray at the Mount of Olive for the whole night. During His prayer time, His sweat was like drops of blood falling to the ground, this condition is known as Hemathidrosis.

Hemathidrosis is a very rare medical phenomenon that's been reported about 12 to 14 times in world medical literature and is only seen in people who are under tremendous stress and agony. In hemathidrosis, a person actually exudes blood from every sweat gland in their body. Each sweat gland has a small capillary that surrounds it, and in hemathidrosis, that small capillary ruptures. As it bursts, a person actually bleeds into their sweat glands. Instead of perspiring sweat, they actually perspire blood.

Jesus actually experienced Hemathidrosis before He is crucified. Imagine that if you knew that you are going to go through all the pain and suffering where a normal Human is unable to bear, how bitter and painful will be your heart.

Next, at the high priest place where people spit His face and struck him with theirs fists, others slapped Him. Imagine after a person had been struck by fist, the person eyes will swell up, the nose will bleed, and the lips will break, even the teeth might be broken too. Somemore with the saliva and slapping from the others. This is how Jesus looks like before He is sent to Pilate.

Before I talked about Jesus being flogged. Let's us do some calculation. From the Last Supper(at night) till Jesus prayed for the whole night in the Mount of Olive till He is being sent to the High priest, Jesus had not sleep for at least a day(more than 24 hours). He must be very tired at that time and with the pressure and beating from other people, Jesus has become extremely tired.
He was being sent from the high priest place to Pilate (that's around 4km), from Pilate place to Herod Place, and from Herod Place to Pilate Place. He was walking all the way and had no time to rest at all.

After Pilate had decided to crucify Jesus, the soldier flogged Him. It is actually a type of punishment during the Romans time and it is called Scourging.

It was one of the worst punishments the Romans had to inflict on a human body. Typically, the victim was stripped completely naked and tied by his wrists to a post or wall with his back exposed. He was then whipped from the back of his arms, down his shoulders and back, across his bare buttocks, down the back of his legs and calves, all the way down to his heels by two Roman legionnaires, one on either side, alternating blows.
The historical accounts tell us that the traditional scourging consisted of thirty-nine lashes. If you can, imagine two large, strong, burly Roman legionnaires with a wooden handled whip about eighteen inches long that had nine leather thongs, something akin to what we would call a cat-o-nine tails. The nine leather thongs were about six to seven feet long, and at the end of each thong was some lead shod, like a sinker you'd use to go fishing. Attached to the lead shod were pieces of sheep and cattle bone. The idea of those small pieces of bone was that, as the Roman legionnaire would beat his victim, snapping his wrist would cause the weight of the metal shod to dig into the back, while the sheep/cattle bone cut the skin.
As the sheep/cattle bone lacerated the skin and actually dug in under the surface of the skin, the skilled and trained legionnaire could whip his wrist and literally lift small shards of skeletal muscle out through the skin, leaving small ribbons of muscle, about two inches long, hanging through the skin."

9 sharp piece of bone multiply by 39 lashes=351 wounds.
And let's multiply this 351 with 10, it will give a result of 3510!
What this 3510 means?
A cut from a sharp piece of bone will create a wound that will take around 10 stitches to close.
So, the wound of the body of Jesus after He had been scourged will need 3510 stitches to be closed up by the doctor today.
How Painful It Is !!

Here came a question, why Jesus didn't die of losing blood since He had so many wound in his body? According to bible, that day was near a festival called passover, which is around March according to the calendar now. At this time, the weather of Israel will be at 2 extremes: very Hot during day time and very Cold during night time. The time when Jesus was scourged was around 6-8am(Jesus was crucified at 9am), which is still in the early morning, the weather was very cold, this cause the blood vessels to be constrict and therefore Jesus didn't die of losing too much blood.

The Soldiers also made a crown of thorns and put it on his head. Imagine 100 of thorns piercing through Jesus head and into His skull. His face would be full of blood.

After scourging, Jesus became a man with His body full of wound. And this time, he was being forced to carry the cross. As we all know that the cross is made up of wood. And the wood would definitely not like the wood that used to make our furniture where they had been polished and had been smoothed . A typical cross weight around 60-70 kg. Imagine the coarse surface and the heavy weight of the cross came contact with the wound of the body of Jesus, the pain is rather unbearable. Jesus carried the cross and walked for around 500m and he can't go on anymore. Other people helped Him to carry to the Skull.

Next, is the crucifixion of Christ. The main purpose of 'nailing a person on a cross' during the Roman empire is not the kill you, but is to humiliate a person, to let a person to suffer.
The experienced Roman Soldiers will hammer the nail between your ulna and radius bone of your wrist, this will avoid the ulnar veins, you won't die of losing blood; and there is a tendon between your ulna and radius bone which is very strong that it can actually support your whole body weight. Furthermore, the nail will actually touch one of your nerve in your hand which give a feeling of electric shock.
For the legs, they will hammer the nail between your 1st toe and 2nd toe, this also avoid your plantar vein, and the nail will also touch one of your nerve that give electric shock to the legs.

Try hang yourself up with your hands by holding something where your legs can't touch the ground, you will find that you can inhale but you will find it difficult to exhale.
You need to carry your body up with your hands then only you can exhale.
When Jesus breath on the cross, he inhaled and when he wanted to exhale, he had to move his body up in order to do that.
And the coarse wood of the cross is contact with the back part of his body, which is highly wounded after He is being scourged. When he exhaled and moved His body up, the friction between His wound and the coarse surface of the wood, the Pain is rather great.
Imagine that the pain that Jesus feel when He talked on the cross.
Jesus spoken 7 lines when He is on the cross, and the 7 lines of words are very precious!
The green sentences above are the lines that Jesus spoken on the cross.

Jesus was alive on the cross from 9am-3pm, 6 hours of suffering. And at last He said:''It's finished!" and he died.
At around 4-5pm, a soldiers pierced Jesus' side with a spear, bringing a sudden flow of blood and water. When you leave some volume of blood in a container, after some time you will see the blood actually being separated to 2 layers, the 1st layer is the blood plasma,which 90% of it's content is water and the 2nd layer is the blood cells. There is Water and Blood flowed out from Jesus body, which means Jesus had died for some times and His body blood is not circulating.

How Jesus died from Medical Perspective?
Some people said that Jesus died from losing blood, some people said that Jesus died from Fetal Premature Ventricular Contractions. But from the record in the Book of Gospel, Jesus showed neither of the symptoms mentioned above, where both situation will cause a person to look pale and they will be blur, they don't know what's happening around them. But from the lines of words spoken from Jesus, we can see that Jesus was very conscious from the beginning till he is dead.
So, how actually did Jesus died?
Here is a verse to explain that :
¹⁷The reason my Father loves me is that I lay down my life—only to take it up again. ¹⁸No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again. This command I received from my Father."(John 10:17-18)
Yea, Jesus have the authority to take His life away, and He did that on the cross. For the sake of us, for the sake of our sins, to save our life, to redeem us from our sin.

So people, after we know how much pain and suffer that Jesus had gone through for the sake of us, shouldn't we be more faithful, obedience and appreciate His words? Shouldn't we try to become a better Christian ?

p/s: I have a new Sunday School Teacher and He is a Doctor. He told us all about this last Sunday and I have try to arrange and integrate what I've learnt and post it here. I have actually used around 3-4 hours to type this post. So, please read it! Good thing should be share with everyone! ^^

p/s 2: As I writing this post, I went and search the information that I am not sure, and I came across this, a more detailed post of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ from medical perspective, and the content is almost the same as what I have written. Is a lengthy post, but with a better vocabulary and grammar, read it if you think that you can't understand what I am writing.

p/s 3: If you came across something that you can't understand, just double click the words in the post and an answer box will pop-up and you will get your explanation from Answers.com

Urine Production In Kidney

Picture Source:http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/Topics/Urinary_System_Nephron_Diagram.php

Urine Production in kidney occurs in 3 stages:

Ultrafiltration, Reabsorption and Secretion.

Ultrafiltration
-Afferent Arteriole transport blood into glomerulus while Efferent Arteriole transport blood away from glomerulus.
-Afferent Arteriole has bigger diameter than Efferent Arteriole.
-Rate of blood flow into glomerulus through Afferent Arteriole is higher compared to rate of blood flow out of glomerulus through Efferent Arteriole.
-The difference in rate of blood flow facilitates creation of high hydrostatic pressure in glomurulus.
-The pressure created causes blood from glomerulus to be filtered into Bowman’s capsule across endothelium and Bowman’s capsule’s wall.
-Ultrafiltration Occurs.
-Fluid formed in Bowman’s Capsule is Glomerular Filtrate.
-Filtrate has same composition with blood except it lacks Red Blood Cells, Plasma Protein and Platelets which are too large to be filtered across endothelium.
-Ultrafiltration is facilitated by these adaptation:
.Blood that flows through afferent arteriole has high pressure as it is directly connected to aorta though renal artery.
.Presence of podocytes that wraps around capillaries in glomerulus to increase surface area for ultrafiltration.
.Both endothelium and Bowman’s Capsule wall are one-cell thick each, the wall is made of squamous epithelial cell.

Reabsorption:
-From Bowman’s Capsule, filtrate flows into proximal convoluted tubule in which reabsorption process occurs.
-Selected substances from filtrate in tubule are reabsorb into blood in peritubular capillary.
-Examples of substances reabsorb are:
.100% of nutrients such as glucose and amino acids through active transport and facilitated diffusion.
.Minerals such as Na+ ion through active transport.
.Water through osmosis.
-Adaptation:
.Highly convoluted to increase surface area.
.Microvilli on surface of epithelial cells that is facing into lumen of proximal convoluted tubule.
.The epithelial cells have high density of mitochondrion to generate energy for active transport.

Counter current multiplier process:
-Descending arm is permeable to water while ascending arm is NOT permeable to water.
-Na+ and Cl- diffuses out of filtrate into medulla region in the thinner segment of ascending arm.
-These ion are actively transported into medulla region from thicker segment of ascending arm
-These processes lower water potential of medulla region.
-Water in filtrate in descending arm diffuses into medulla region and then into blood in vasa recta (capillaries in medulla) through osmosis.
-Reabsorption of water in Loop of Henle occurs through counter-current multiplier process.
-Adaptation- the longer rhe Loop of Henle , the more water reabsorb into capillary.

Secretion:
-Fom Loop of Henle, filtrate flows into distal convoluted tubule in which active secretion process occurs.
-Excretory substances such as urea, uric acid, ammonia, excess H+ ions, drugs and other substances are actively secreted from blood in peritubular capillaries into filtrate in the tubule(distal).
-This process enables kidney to function as an excretory organ.
-From distal convoluted tubule, filtrate flows into collecting duct in which more reabosorption of water occurs before the filtrate flows into pelvis of urine.

华文学会第一届交流营

Since this is related to Chinese Society, I'll post this in Chinese.
一开始像不能成功的交流营，最后终于在前天，星期，顺利以及成功地完成了。
很高兴我能成为这次营会的其中一分子，从中学到了很多东西，认识了很多朋友。
没有后悔当初我没有退出。（差一点就要退出了！）
在我手上一张照片也没有，不然会放上一些。
Swt~ I really can't type Chinese edi la....type few lines don't know how to continue edi...lol

This holiday, wasted, except the Friday. Everyday watch movie and sleep, I have completed Heroes Season 3, now entering Season 4.==

And about the bio post, I don't think that I did something wrong by posting Bio note in my blog.
I jus try to do something benefit whenever I online.
I'll continue to post whenever I am in the mood. ^^

Home Alone

Since Fui Teng is freaked out by my bio post and asked me to stop scaring her, so today I'll rest for a day, and post a short diary..lol..

I was home alone for hmm... 4 days 3 nights.
My family actually went to Genting and they 'left' me alone at home.
Haha, not they left me la, is just that I have things to do on that few days, so decided not to go with them...+ I scare that I'll be suffering from serious flu again like the last time I went there, my nose just can't stand the coldness.

So, I practically sit in front of computer all time when I was at home, and watch movie.
My computer has quite a lot of movie, where thick dust has accumulated in most of them, they lived in my computer for years and I never watch them, no time to watch.
What did I watched?
X-Men 3, L change the world, Ip man, Iron man, Heroes Season 3 episode 1-3, Twilight.

There are a lot more to go, but my family are back, so I stopped.
The other movie I'll leave for next year. ^^

Glocose Regulation

Glucose Regulation
-Normal Blood Glucose level in human is 80-100mg/100ml of blood.

When blood glucose level is Higher than normal range:
1.Increase in blood glucose level above normal range is detected by beta-cells of Islet of Langerhans in pancreas.
2.Beta-cells secrete Insulin into blood circulation
3.Insulin cause these reaction:
a)Stimulate absorption of glucose into body cells from blood.
b)Stimulate metabolism of glucose in body cells.
c)Stimulate glycogenosis in liver and muscle cells in which excess glucose goes through condensation to from Glycogen which are then stored.
d)Stimulate conversion of excess glucose into fats in liver and adipose tissue to be stored.
e)Reduces rate of glucogenolysis which is the break down of glycogen into glucose in liver.
f)Reduces rate of gluconeogenesis which is synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate substance in liver.
All of these processes reduces blood glucose level back to normal range.

When Blood Glucose level Lower than normal range:
1.Decrease in blood glucose level is detected by Alpha-cells of Islet if Langerhans in pancreas.
2.Alpha-cells secrete Glucagon into blood circulation.
3.Glucagon causes these reaction:
a)Stimulate break down of glycogen into glucose in liver cells, glycogenolysis occurs.
b)Stimulate conversion of non-carbohydrate substance such as fat into glucose-gluconeogenesis.
c)Stimulate release of glucose from liver cells into blood circulation.
d)Reduce rate of glycogenesis in liver.
All of these processes increases blood glucose level back to normal range.

Disease related to Blood Glucose Level in Human
-Diabetis mellitus(high blood sugar) occurs when blood glucose level is more than 100mg per 100ml of blood and glucose is found in urine.
-Diabetis mellitus is divided into 2 types:
Type I
.Destruction of Beta-cells of Islet of Langerhans reduces produciton of Insulin.
.Patients can be helped by injection of Insulin.
Type II
.Insulin production is normal, but target cells especially liver cells fail to respond to insulin.
.Injection of Insulin does not cure the symptoms.

-Hyperglycemia-Blood glucose level is more than 100mg per 100ml of blood but glucose is not found in urine.

-Glycosuria-Glucose is found in the urine.
.Too much of glucose in blood results in high concentration of glucose in glomerulus after ultrafiltration.
.Excess glucose in glomerulus filtrate cannot be reabsorbed into blood capillary and ends in urine.

-Immunological functions disease-longer time for blood clotting and lower immunity response.

Structure and Functions of Liver

STRUCTURE OF LIVER
-Liver consist of many lobes.
-Two blood vessels supply blood to liver and one drains blood away from it:
>Hepatic Artery-Supply oxygenated blood to liver.
>Hepatic Portal Vein-Supply blood from intestine transporting water soluble digested nutrients to liver.
>Hepatic Vein-Drain blood away from the liver transporting deoxygenated blood back to heart.
-Branches from hepatic arteries and hepatic portal veins enter into the lobules from portal region.
-Bile canaliculi transport bile to bile ducts found in portal region.
-Bile from bile duct is later channelled to gall bladder.
-Liver cells called hepatocytes are arranged in strands radiating from central vein towards the periphery.
-Central vein collects blood away from the lobule.
-Each lobule is supplied with blood from hepatic arteriole and hepatic portal vein, which fuse to form many capillaries called sinusoids and flow to the central vein.
-Special amoeboid cells called Kupffer cells are attached to the inner wall of sinusoids for phagocytosis of old red blood cells and pathogens.
-Bile is produced in the hepatocytes and secreted into canaluculus which them empties bile into bile ducts.
-Bile is collected by the gall bladder for temporary storage before it is emptied into the duodenum.


FUNCTION OF LIVER
1.Regulates blood glucose level at 80-100mg/100ml of blood.
a)Stimulate condensation of excess glucose into glycogen which is then stored-Glycogenesis-occurs in the present of insulin.
b)Stimulate break down of glycogen into glucose in the present of glucagon-Glycogenolysis.
c)Stimulate synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate substances such as fat through Gluconeogenesis.
d)Release glucose into blood circulation if blood glucose level becomes lower than normal range.
e)Stimulates conversion of lactate (lactic acid) produced through anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscle cell into glucose. The lactate may also be broken down to produce energy lactate from skeletal muscles are transported to liver through Cori Cycle.

2.Regulates body protein level
a)Excess amino acid goes through deamination in liver to produce ammonia and keto acid.

b)Ammonia produced through deamination is converted into urea through Ornithine Cycle.
c)Synthesis of non-essential amino acid through transamination.

3.Regulates lipid level in body
a)Does synthesis and break down of steroids such as cholesterol.
b)Does synthesis of fat-lipogenesis
c)Break down of fat.

4.Does detoxification in which toxic substance such as alcohol are converted into non-toxic substances.
5.Synthesis of plasma protein such as prothrombin.
6.Synthesis of Red Blood cells in foetus stage.
7.Acts as reservoir of blood.
8.Stores nutrients such as vitamin A, D, B12 and minerals such as Fe2+ ions.
9.Synthesis of bile which is used for emulsification of fat in duodenum.

Cori Cycle
-Through anaerobic respiration/lactate fermentation, skeletal muscles produce lactate.
-Lactate produced in the muscles are transported to the liver by blood circulation.
-In liver, lactate may be broken down to produce energy or converted back into glucose.
-Glucose produced can be transported back to muscles or stored as glycogen.

Ornithine Cycle
-is a process involved in conversion of ammonia into urea.
-Ammonia produced through deamination is bind with CO2, H2O and phosphate group using energy to form Carbomoyl Phosphate.
-This process occurs in matrix of Mitochondrion.
-Carbomoyl phosphate binds with Ornithine and then releases phosphate group to forum Citruline.
-Citruline is transported into cytoplasm, it binds with Aspartate to form Argnininosuccinate.
-Argininosuccinatre splits to form fumerate and arginine.
-Hydrolysis of Arginine produces urea and regenerates Ornithine.
-Ornithine is transported into matrix of mitochondria and the processes are repeated.

Break down of Red Blood Cells
-Old/worn-out Red Blood Cells are destroyed by Kupffer cells in liver.
-Haemoglobin is broken in liver cells to produce Haem and Globin.
-Globin(tertiary structure protein) are hydrolysed to produce amino acids which are then reused.
-Haem is broken down to produce Porphyrin ring and Iron ion.
-Porphyrin rings are broken down and use for synthesis of bile pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin.
-Bile pigments are used in synthesis of bile.
-The Iron ions are stored in liver as Ferrifin or transported back to bone marrow as iron-transferrin complex.

Regulation of Body Temperature

Regulation of Body Temperature by Endothermic Organisms
-Endothermic organisms are organism that generate heat internally in body to maintain body temperature.

Body Temperature is Higher than Normal Range:
-Increase in body temperature is detected by thermoreceptor in Hypothlamus while increase in external environment temperature is detected by thermoreceptor in skin.
-Temperature regulatory centre in hypothalamus receives impulse from the thermoreceptor
-Temperature regulatory centre transmit impulse to these effectors:
>Erector muscles in skin relaxes, hair on sin becomes slanted. Thinner layer of air is trapped among hair on skin. More heat is lost through surface of skin to produce cooling effect.
>Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin region occurs to increase rate of blood flow. Since blood transport heat, more heat is transported to skin region, more heat is lost through skin.
>Sweat glands in skin secretes sweat to surface of skin. Vapourisation of sweat releases latent heat of vaporisation, cooling effect occurs.
-All these processes increases heat lost from the body, body temperature decreases back to normal range.

Body Temperature Lower than normal range:
-Decrease in body temperature is detected by thermoreptor in Hypothalamus and decrease in external environment temperature is detected by thermoreceptor in skin.
-Temperature regulatory centre in hypothalamus receives impulses from the thermoreceptor.
-Temperature regulatory centre transmit impulse to these effectors:
>Erector muscle in skin contracts, hair on skin becomes erect. Thicker layer of air is trapped among hair on skin. The layer of air acts as insulating layer to reduce heat lost through skin.
>Vasoconstriction of blood vessles in skin occurs to reduce rate of blood flow to skin region. Less heat is transported to skin region, less heat is lost through skin.
>Medulla oblongata stimulates alternate contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles, shievering occurs. Contraction of muscles releases heat that can be used to maintain body temperature.
>Adrenal gland secretes adrenaline to stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen in liver to glucose. Glucose produced is released into blood circulation to be used in energy/heat production.
>Thyroid gland secretes thyroxine to increase body metabolic rate. More heat is produced through metabolism to maintain body temperature.
- All of these processes decreases heat lost from body, body temperature increases back to normal range.


Regulation of Body Temperature by Ectothermic Organisms
-Ectotherms or poikiloterms include insects, reptiles, fish and amphibians.
-Ectotherms are animals that regulate temperature by receiving heat exogenously from sunlight.
-Their body temperature follow that of the external temperature (environment)
-Ectotherms control body temperatures by behavioural changes and not by physiological methods.
-Eg of behaviour changes of ectotherms to regulate body temperature:
i) Orientate body towards/away from sun rays to absorb/reduce absorption of heat-when body temperature is low/high.
ii) Move to warmer surface to absorb heat.
iii) Have body colouration to absorb or release heat- dark colours to absorb heat and pale colours reduce heat absorption.
iv)Move into water or burrow to absorb heat.
v)Remain dormant(inactive) or diapauses throughout winter.
vi)Painting or opened mouth to release heat by evaporation.