Glocose Regulation

Glucose Regulation
-Normal Blood Glucose level in human is 80-100mg/100ml of blood.

When blood glucose level is Higher than normal range:
1.Increase in blood glucose level above normal range is detected by beta-cells of Islet of Langerhans in pancreas.
2.Beta-cells secrete Insulin into blood circulation
3.Insulin cause these reaction:
a)Stimulate absorption of glucose into body cells from blood.
b)Stimulate metabolism of glucose in body cells.
c)Stimulate glycogenosis in liver and muscle cells in which excess glucose goes through condensation to from Glycogen which are then stored.
d)Stimulate conversion of excess glucose into fats in liver and adipose tissue to be stored.
e)Reduces rate of glucogenolysis which is the break down of glycogen into glucose in liver.
f)Reduces rate of gluconeogenesis which is synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate substance in liver.
All of these processes reduces blood glucose level back to normal range.

When Blood Glucose level Lower than normal range:
1.Decrease in blood glucose level is detected by Alpha-cells of Islet if Langerhans in pancreas.
2.Alpha-cells secrete Glucagon into blood circulation.
3.Glucagon causes these reaction:
a)Stimulate break down of glycogen into glucose in liver cells, glycogenolysis occurs.
b)Stimulate conversion of non-carbohydrate substance such as fat into glucose-gluconeogenesis.
c)Stimulate release of glucose from liver cells into blood circulation.
d)Reduce rate of glycogenesis in liver.
All of these processes increases blood glucose level back to normal range.

Disease related to Blood Glucose Level in Human
-Diabetis mellitus(high blood sugar) occurs when blood glucose level is more than 100mg per 100ml of blood and glucose is found in urine.
-Diabetis mellitus is divided into 2 types:
Type I
.Destruction of Beta-cells of Islet of Langerhans reduces produciton of Insulin.
.Patients can be helped by injection of Insulin.
Type II
.Insulin production is normal, but target cells especially liver cells fail to respond to insulin.
.Injection of Insulin does not cure the symptoms.

-Hyperglycemia-Blood glucose level is more than 100mg per 100ml of blood but glucose is not found in urine.

-Glycosuria-Glucose is found in the urine.
.Too much of glucose in blood results in high concentration of glucose in glomerulus after ultrafiltration.
.Excess glucose in glomerulus filtrate cannot be reabsorbed into blood capillary and ends in urine.

-Immunological functions disease-longer time for blood clotting and lower immunity response.